How do willingness to communicate and its high evidence factors shape learners' task emotions in chatbot-assisted language learning?

초록

Shifting the focus from behavioural outcomes to in-task affective experiences, this study examines how learners' willingness to communicate (WTC) and its key factors-perceived competence, anxiety, and motivation-influence task emotions such as enjoyment and anxiety within the context of chatbot-assisted language learning. Participants completed questionnaires assessing WTC, perceived competence, anxiety, and motivation before engaging in the three conversational tasks with the chatbots. Each chatbot displayed distinct characteristics in terms of personality and feedback style. Findings from a structural equation model, incorporating a latent variable for task emotion (encompassing task enjoyment and task anxiety) revealed that WTC and its key factors exhibited relationships consistent with existing literature, with WTC exerting a significant influence on learners' task emotion. Additionally, we found that task emotions were explicitly moderated by chatbot characteristics, with the chatbot providing more engaging interactions and enhanced feedback eliciting higher task emotions. Further analysis, which separated task emotions into two distinct models revealed nuanced insights. The model with task enjoyment as the primary outcome was consistent with the results of the latent variable model. By contrast, the model with task anxiety as the outcome indicated that learners' perceived competence played a significant role in shaping their task anxiety. (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(WTC)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(perceived competence), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(anxiety)(sic) (sic)(sic)(motivation)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) & euml; & YEN;(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(enjoyment)(sic) (sic)(sic)(anxiety)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(task emotions)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) WTC, (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)((sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic))(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(SEM) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic), WTC (sic) (sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) WTC (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) SEM (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic). (sic), (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

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