Life Cycle Assessment Informed Real Time Carbon Intensity for Zero Energy Building Energy Storage System Operation: Cross-Signal Carbon Regret Analysis

초록

Building decarbonization faces the risk of overestimating or underestimating Zero Energy Building (ZEB) emissions when hourly grid carbon intensity and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) upstream emissions are not jointly considered. This study constructs an LCA-informed real-time carbon intensity (CI) signal by weighting IEA upstream emission factors with time-varying electricity mix and compares it with the UK NESO's operational CI (renewables =0gCO2/kWh) under identical conditions. Both signals optimize ZEB-ESS operations through α-weighted scalarization and are evaluated using crosssignal carbon regret. This case study combines residential measurements from Ireland (StoreNet, 10PV+ ESS households) with Korean TOU tariffs. By weighting IEA upstream emission factors with hourly generation mix to construct LCA-informed real-time CI and comparing it with operational CI, the crosssignal carbon regret evaluation shows that schedules optimized with operational CI consistently exhibit positive regret under LCA criteria, demonstrating LCA's conservatism. Additionally, annual average CI lacks operational signaling power as it remains constant over time. The case study of Irish ZEB (load/PV) with Korean TOU tariffs quantitatively demonstrates that CI metric selection significantly alters optimal strategies and expected performance.

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