헝가리 아르파드 왕조의 독일인 이주정책 연구 - 13세기 전반기의 특허장을 중심으로 -

초록

In German historiography, eastern migration during the medieval period has been described as the colonial expansion of ethnic Germans and Germanization in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, numerous Eastern European scholars of anti-German sentiment define it as the imperialist invasion. The traditional interpretation of medieval eastern migration as the greatest monument to German historical achievements, however, has been rejected by scholars; they argue that it included not only Germans but other newcomers from the western region. Beyond a traditional dichotomy between victimizers and victims, this paper offers a new approach to the migration problem between Hungary and Germany in the Middle Ages. The privileges granted by Hungarian kings are supposed to be important sources for assessing the deliberate immigration policies of the host country. The fact that immigrants were issued privileges, not in the center but the peripheries of the kingdom, suggests that the purpose of German immigration was defense of the borderlands. The privileges, which guaranteed various autonomous rights and economic immunity, defined the rights and obligations between kings and immigrants. They also considered these guests as partners in the management of the kingdom and not merely as subjects to the government. Germans who came to Hungary in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries immigrated from all over Germany and received preferential treatment not because they were Germans but because they were guests(hospites). The history of immigration into Eastern Europe no longer needs to find its motives in the national purposes and decisions of the powerful leaders of the Holy Roman Empire. The immigrants lived as citizens of the Hungarian Kingdom, coexisting with the local people as co-citizens of various ethnic groups from different regions. The encounter that took place between immigrants and natives should not be seen simply as conquest and subjugation but as a phenomenon of inclusivity and interminglement.

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