청말 梁啓超의 정치사상에 대한 인식 변화 -민주주의에서 국가주의로의 전환을 중심으로-

초록

In this treatise, through the opinion of gradualism, the change of political philosophy of Liang Qi-chao from democracy to statism will be examined carefully based on existing studies. Before 1903, Liang Qi-chao adopted natural rights, social contract, the doctrine that sovereignty resides in the people, and so on through the theory of social contract of J.J. Rousseau and the separation of three powers of Montesquieu, which are the cores of modern western democracy. Based on the thoughts, he positively assessed values of western democracy such as people rights and freedom, and also condemned despotic monarchy. At the same time, he insisted his radical opinions about destruction and revolution, the establishment of democratic republic, and other opinions as a radicalist. The change of political philosophy of Liang Qi-chao did not occur rapidly after traveling in the U.S. in 1903, yet it gradually happened before 1903. His first confrontation to statism was in 1899, when he translated 「The theory of the State」 of J.C. Bluntschil. However, he still had belief in democracy even in 1901, when he introduced 「J.J. Rousseau'S XUE-AN[學案」. His shifting toward statism began when he posted several papers about statism in 1902. After the events, he showed his interest in state sovereignty, the personality of the State, the organic nature of the State, the harmonious of the State, and other statism theories, inclining strongly toward statism. In his book 「The Future of the New China」, which was announced during his traveling in the U.S. from 1902 to 1903, he infused his opinion about statism into Huang Ke-qiang, who had studied in Germany, showing the change of his political ideas. The publication of 「The theory of J.C. Bluntschil, a great political scientist」 was a declaration of farewell to democratic republic system to the public. Moreover, it also disclosed that he does not believe in political thoughts such as the theories of J.J. Rousseau and Montesquieu, and the rejection of social contrast, freedom and equality, the right of citizens, and the doctrine that sovereignty resides in the people by showing Li Qu-bing in his book 「The Future of the New China」. After being a statist, his aspects of statism made him deny every part of democracy, which he had wanted his nation to be before 1902. Rather than democracy, he fully accepted statism, and utilized it to create his political philosophy and formation of public opinions. First of all, because of historical facts and incapacitation of the people, he fundamentally denied social contrast, natural rights, and the doctrine that sovereignty resides in the people of J.J. Rousseau, and criticized the possibility of realization of separation of three powers of Montesquieu with the organic nature of the state and the harmonious of the State. On the other hand, he adopted the cores of statism such as the organic nature of the State, state sovereignty, the personality of the State, legal state, and other statism-related theories, using these to enforce his political philosophy. Also, he emphasized the need of the supreme body of the state that does not consider various concerns of others. Through this, he insisted that the concentration of the power is significant, and, rather than mutual control of the bodies of the state, there should be the unification of the power and harmony. His declaration includes the theory of the end of the State which asserts superior state sovereignty and the supreme body of the state are the purposes themselves and the prior justice, providing the power that perceives each citizens as a means to realize the end of the State.

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