러시아어 КАКОЙ 관계절의 의미 유형 분화와 통사·의미적 분석: который, что, какой의 비교

초록

This paper reexamines the system of Russian relative clauses from the perspectives of semantic differentiation and modality, focusing in particular on the relative adjective kakoj, which has received comparatively little attention in previous research. While earlier studies have primarily centered on kotoryj as the prototypical relative pronoun and treated čto as a marginal or non-canonical variant, kakoj has often been regarded as stylistic or expressive rather than as a core element of the relative clause system. This study argues that such a view underestimates the systematic semantic and pragmatic functions of kakoj relative clauses. The paper proposes that Russian relative clauses are organized according to distinct semantic types: individual-denoting relative clauses introduced by kotoryj, event- or proposition-oriented relative clauses introduced by čto, and qualitative, type-oriented relative clauses introduced by kakoj. Special attention is given to kakoj relative clauses, which are shown to induce kind-level interpretations rather than individual reference. Building on this analysis, the paper demonstrates that kakoj relative clauses typically convey expressive meaning, reflecting the speaker’s evaluation and attitude rather than truth-conditional information. Furthermore, it is argued that these expressive properties naturally extend into the modal domain, as kakoj relative clauses are closely associated with non-veridicality, generalization, and speaker-oriented modality. By showing that the choice of relative clause introducer itself can function as a structural marker of semantic type and modality, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of Russian relative clauses and offers broader implications for the analysis of relative clauses in article-less languages.

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