甘泉 湛若水의 총괄 공부론 - 내외, 동정, 지행의 합일, “隨處體認天理”-

초록

This study examines the cultivation theory of Zhan Ruo-Shui, which represents one of the pillars of the xinxue tradition in the Ming dynasty. While Zhan Ruo-Shui’s xinxue did not spread as widely as the influential Yangmingxue of his time, it holds significant historical and intellectual significance as a continuation of the spirit of Confucianism and a synthesis of the legacy of Neo-Confucian philosophy. Zhan Ruo-Shui’s cultivation theory is primarily encapsulated in the proposition “Suichutirentianli(隨處體認天理),” representing both the synthesis of Confucian cultivation theory and the culmination of the cultivation theory of xinxue. He reinterpreted the principles of gewu(格物) and jing(敬) of Zhuzixue to counter the prevailing trend towards inward cultivation, emphasizing the importance of learning. In doing so, he aimed to reaffirm the significance of learning and enlightenment, emphasizing the essence of genuine mind(本心). Moreover, he emphasized the integration of internal and external, the parallel advancement of knowledge and practice, and sought to maintain a unified attitude of the practitioner. This study theory ultimately aligns with the ideal “Ziran(自然)” of “Wuwangwuzhu(勿忘勿助),” the conclusion of his theory claiming the realization of the genuine mind. However, to reach this ideal, he emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge, speculation, and further practice from reality. The genuine mind can wholly operate and expand itself through the above process. Through such analysis, we come to understand that the agent of learning in Zhan Ruo-Shui’s theory is guaranteed subjectivity and activity. It provides grounds for the completion of the unity of internal and external and for discussing the notions of “Wuwangwuzhu” and “Ziran.” By synthesizing these two aspects into the proposition of “Suichutirentianli,” Zhan Ruo-Shui tries to generalize the spirit of Confucianism, especially Kongzi and Mengzi, and the cultivation theory of Neo-Confucianism, aiming for the completion of Simhak-centered study theory.

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