新羅 中,下代 官等制의 성격 변화 - 人名,官等의 표기 방식을 중심으로 -

초록

The historical changing process of arranging patterns of the name, gwandeung(官等), and the other titles of a bureaucrat can be divided into three periods in the Silla(新羅) dynasty. In the 1st period, from the birth of gwandeung to the late 7th century, ``name+gwandeung`` pattern was strictly observed. Gwandeung was the representative title of a bureaucrat, for the various titles such as official position(gwanjik, 官職), the peerage (jakwi, 爵位), the bone-rank (golpum, 骨品) had not separated from it. In the 2nd period, from the late 7th century to the middle 9th century, ``gwandeung+name`` pattern emerged and coexisted with ``name+gwandeung`` pattern. It means that the unrivaled status of gwandeung as the representative title of a bureaucrat has fallen to the same with other titles. In the 3rd period, from the middle 9th century to the fall of the Silla dynasty, ``name+gwandeung`` pattern disappeared and the pattern without gwandeung proliferated. Since the decline of gwandeung`s status had reached a significant level, it became possible to omit gwandeung or to replace gwandeung with other titles. The decline of gwandeung`s status as the representative title was directly related to the characteristic change of the official rank system of the Silla dynasty. Establishment of bureaucratic structure made official position (gwanjik) separated from gwandeung. The official position (gwanjik) became more significant as the salary to a bureaucrat had been changed from one based on gwandeung to one based on official position (gwanjik) On the other hand, the councilors (jaesang, 宰相) system connected directly to the blood relationship of the royal family came to hold an important position in the bureaucratic system of the Silla dynasty. In the late period of the Silla dynasty, scholar-bureaucrats who had been studied in the Tang(唐) dynasty valued ``munsangye(文散階)`` awarded by the Tang dynasty as the representative title. Consequently, a function of gwandeung as official rank of a bureaucrat has dwindled away. A function of gwandeung showing one`s social status was also weaken since the bone-rank (golpum, 骨品) had been separated from it. While the gwandeung system continued to exist until the fall of the Silla dynasty, characteristics of that system could never be the same after the various elements came out of it. Characteristics of the gwandeung system in the last period of the Silla dynasty left its mark on ``gwangye(官階)`` of the early Goryeo(高麗) dynasty which lost the characteristic as official rank of a bureaucrat and was awarded the local magnates for the purpose to confirm the subjugated relationship.

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