整庵 羅欽順의 주자학 芻議(Ⅱ) — “操”와 격물、극기의 공부론

초록

This article aims to understand the characteristics and meaning of Luo Qin-Shun’s cultivation theory. Luo thought that “zhongxin(忠信: faithfulness and trustworthiness)” is an important thing to do as a person, and that the content - the core of cultivation is in “fulfilling the mind”. In his view, the heart/mind exerts a mysterious action based on nature-principle(性理), but it is not nature, which is the “benti(本體: metaphysical basis)”. However, since the “daoxin(道心: principle mind)” is nature-principle and the “renxin(人心: human heart)” is a feeling, the heart/mind encompasses the nature and feeling. This heart/mind is the subject that responds and penetrates, acts as a “mingjue(明覺: clear vision)” and “si(思: rational thought)”, and thus encompasses the laws of heaven and earth and all things. However, since the work of heart/mind can be obscured by one's own personal interests, it is necessary to cultivation to maintain its original state. Luo Qin-Shun argued that “cunxinyangxing(存心養性: preserve the heart/mind and cultivate the nature)” is the core cultivation of the Confucian tradition, and that the “jing(敬)” of Zhuzi studies and the “qiongli(窮理)” that support it are the specific methods of cultivation. He believed that “cao(操: keep)”, which maintains the original state of the heart/mind, is not the “zhujing(主敬: concentrate on jing)” in which the subject, heart/mind, is bound, and is the complete “jing”. However, “jing” alone cannot fulfill the mind of being one with principle. If the heart/mind in its original state has been preserved, its function must be fully exerted. You have to go to things and explore their principle. “Gewu(格物)” can realize “liyi(理一)” through long-term efforts and must further embody it and apply it perfectly. Accordingly, Luo Qin-Shun defined objects as a state that is “thoroughly penetrating and leaving no gaps,” and this state leads us to “wuwu(無物)” (not affected by things) and “wuwo(無我)” (without self-interest that insists on oneself). Luo Qin-Shun's cultivation theory appears to be a coherent methodology. However, although it speaks of the fundamental union of heart/mind and principle, it cannot help but be a relationship of inclusion, not unity. Even if the nature and mingjue are not divided into two, if they are not completely one, one is clearly separated into the object and the other is the subject that grasps the object. Just as Li is the principle of Qi, if nature-principle is the principle of heart/mind itself, then heart/mind, the subject, should immediately exercise good will, and there is no need to understand and follow self-discipline.

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