Vision transformer and Mamba-attention fusion for high-precision PCB defect detection

초록

Defects in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are being detected using computer vision-based techniques. Defect-free PCBs are essential for the reliability of consumer electronics. However, deep learning-based methods often struggle with imbalanced defect distributions and limited generalization. To address these challenges, we propose ViT-Mamba, a hybrid framework that combines Vision Transformers with a Mamba-inspired attention mechanism for global feature extraction and precise defect segmentation. We further introduce an artificial defect generation module that systematically creates six types of PCB defects to improve robustness. A multiscale hierarchical refinement strategy is employed to enhance feature representation for accurate segmentation. Experiments on a public PCB defect dataset show that ViT-Mamba outperforms existing methods, achieving a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 99.69%. Copyright: © 2025 Niaz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.