인공적 도덕행위자(AMA) 개발을 위한 윤리적 원칙 개발 - 하향식 접근(공리주의와 의무론)을 중심으로 -

초록

Robots with the ability to make moral judgments on its own is called "Artificial Moral Agent(AMA)", and there are generally three approaches when it comes to establishing an ethics for the AMA. First, the top-down approach makes use of the traditional ethical theories such as utilitarian or deontological theories. Second, the bottom-up approach follows the central ideas proposed by L. Kohlberg or A. M. Turing. Finally, the hybrid approach is an attempt to unite the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. The top-down approach for the AMA begins with selecting an appropriate ethical theory, followed by coming up with computational algorithms and systems which can be said to incorporate the given theory. The role of the ethical theory in this approach is to provide the AMA with rules to follow in morally complex situations. On the other hand, the bottom-up approach focuses on developing various machine-learning methods for the AMA to learn ethical reasoning without giving it any available rules at hand. The basic idea for this approach is to regard the AMA as a human child who has the potential of obtaining moral reasoning as the child grows up according to proper developmental stages of morality. Among the three approaches mentioned above, this paper will adopt the first one to construct a top-down ethics for the AMA. To be precise, it will be a combination of utilitarian rules for decision-making and Kantian deontological rules for ethical reasoning. After this, the proposed top-down ethics for the AMA will be applied to case scenarios involving a health-care robot with the intelligence of a 10-years-old child so as to show the workings of the ethics.

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