Refueling infrastructure from various hydrogen sources: Layout and energy performance

초록

Recently, the collective focus has shifted to hydrogen refueling station (HRS) technologies and their safety aspects to derive appropriate designs for large-capacity HRSs and their safe operation. This chapter reviews the most relevant research on process design and risk assessment of six promising HRS-based hydrogen sources and production technologies: gaseous HRSs, liquid HRSs (LHRSs), and four onsite HRSs based on steam methane reforming (SMR), electrolyzers, ammonia, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). LHRSs, onsite electrolyzer-based HRSs, and LOHC-based HRSs are highly scalable, environmentally friendly, and safe storage systems and are expected to be implemented in future HRSs. An SMR-based HRS architecture is unsuitable for large-scale HRSs owing to the complexity of the system, which leads to safety risks, large footprints, and extreme carbon emissions. Although onsite ammonia-based HRSs seem feasible in the foreseeable future, the toxicity of ammonia limits their design capacity, and such HRSs may not be suitable for cities or urban areas. This chapter summarizes the state-of-the-art HRS designs and provides an overview of studies on the risk assessment of HRSs reported to date to update designers and experts in this field on recent technologies and methodologies. The review conducted in this chapter can serve as an engineering guideline for designers to aid decision-making regarding alternative processes and risk assessments.

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