Exploring agro-waste derived inorganic nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, and SiO2) in the food industry: Green synthesis, characteristics, and applications – A comprehensive review

초록

The growing global demand for food safety and quality necessitates innovative solutions, one of which is the use of inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) synthesized from agro-wastes. This sustainable approach addresses environmental concerns and provides a cost-effective method for producing nanoparticles such as silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, which are vital for enhancing food preservation, sanitation, and packaging. For instance, Ag nanoparticles release Ag+ ions that damage microbial cells, ZnO nanoparticles generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV light, leading to microbial inactivation, and SiO₂ nanoparticles physically disrupt microbial cell walls. We review the green synthesis of Ag, ZnO, and SiO₂ nanoparticles from agro-waste extracts (where plant phytochemicals serve as natural reducing and capping agents to convert metal salt precursors into nanoparticles), their characterization, and their multifaceted applications in the food industry. In particular, this review discusses how these INPs can be integrated into active and intelligent food packaging systems to extend shelf life and monitor food freshness. A bibliometric analysis is also presented to map research trends in this domain, although its scope is limited to selected databases. Despite the promising applications of agro-waste-derived INPs, challenges remain in scaling up production, ensuring safety (both toxicological and environmental), and obtaining regulatory approval. Addressing these challenges through standardized protocols, comprehensive safety evaluations, and international regulatory harmonization will enable the food industry to harness the full potential of INPs, thereby ensuring enhanced food quality and safety.

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